2018-12-17

Irish Identity in British Prisons

identity2.jpgThe fact that Irish Republican prisoners are held in British prisons in the North of Ireland causes conflict for the Northern Ireland Prison Service. Irish Republicans are Irish Nationalists, thus, their national identity is suppressed during their imprisonment in the British State. In a recent statement, Irish Republican prisoners highlighted this discrimination of Irish identity in HMP Maghaberry.
 
Throughout the conflict in the North of Ireland, Irish Republican prisoners have demanded recognition as political prisoners. This demand for political recognition means that they sought acknowledgement that they were convicted for their political beliefs and actions and, thus, required treatment as “Prisoners of War,” rather than “ordinary decent criminals.” This status was called “special category status,” sometimes also referred to as “political status” among Republicans. By arguing that they were political prisoners, the prisoners not only strengthened their own demands for improvement of prison conditions but also stressed that the struggle of the Irish Republican Movement was indeed political and not terrorist as the British government’s characterisation for it was and still is.
 
In contrast to the Republicans, the British government considers Irish Republican prisoners not as political convicts. Nonetheless, by the use of Diplock courts, internment by remand, Closed Material Procedures, and special advocates, the British government itself sets these prisoners apart from ODC prisoners. In other words, if they are criminals, as the British government says, why are they not convicted like criminals? Notably, the same applies to Loyalist prisoners.
 
Throughout the past 45 years, Irish Republican prisoners set a variety of steps to underline that they are, indeed, political activists. In the early 1970s, one of the first activities the internees in the Long Kesh Internment Camp embarked on to proof their politics was educating themselves in the Irish history and language. In recent years, an obvious expression of Irish identity was the wearing of the Easter Lily by the prisoners. The Easter Lily is an Irish Republican symbol, worn in the weeks around Easter in remembrance of the 1916 Easter Rising and those who died for Irish freedom. Introduced in the late 1920s by Cumann na mBan, it serves as an Irish counterpart of the British poppy. Yet, the Northern Ireland Prison Service (NIPS) considers the Easter Lily as a symbol glorifying terrorism and, thus, prisoners are regularly subjected to punishment for wearing the lily at Easter. To be sure, the performance of Irish identity within the British prison system is a form of resistance and, ultimately, leads to suppression of this identity.
 
Performing Irish identity in a British colonial and post-colonial environment is cultural resistance. In the past, Irish prisoners performed this Irish identity by speaking Irish, reading Irish nationalist literature, and playing Irish sports. Under those circumstances, even the playing of GAA games within the prisons was an act of cultural resistance.
 
Today, the situation has not changed. In a recent statement, the Irish Republican prisoners held in Maghaberry Gaol complained about the discrimination of Irish identity in the prison. Almost 19 years after the signing the Good-Friday-Agreement that aimed at ending the conflict, and 16 years after the closure of the H-Blocks of HMP Maze, there are over 60 Republicans imprisoned on both sides of the Irish border. The main high-security prison in the North is HMP Maghaberry west of Belfast. The Republicans held in the separate Roe House of the prison belong to various prisoners’ support groups like IRPWA, Cogús, and Cabhair.
 
In a statement published earlier this month, prisoners belonging to IRPWA “highlighted discrimination against Irish Culture and traditions by the jail administration.” In the statement, it says:
 
NIPs has consistently denied Republican Prisoners access to an Irish teacher, and have ripped Irish language signs designed to aid learners from the walls. (…) They have refused to provide any GAA facilities, ignoring requests for such and prevaricating on other issues such as basic access to GAA nets. They have refused to allow in jerseys and T-shirts because, for example, they had the lyrics to “The Lonely Banna Strand”, a reference to 1916 and a quote from Pádraig Pearse. They have refused access to books and literature, including those authored by Richard English, from academics and by others, and even forced family members to rip the cover of Kieran Conway’s “Southside Provisional” before allowing them to leave it in. They have refused access to CD’s containing folk songs and traditional ballads and DVD’s such as “Hunger”, which is regularly featured on Film 4. They also charged a man earlier this year for erecting a tricolour during Easter week in a communal area of the wing.
 
In this statement, like the situation back in the 1970s, the prisoners complain that they face obstacles in learning the Irish language. Furthermore, restrictions are put on GAA jerseys and other materials associated with the GAA which is, indeed, the most popular sports association in Ireland.
 
Another remarkable detail is the restriction put on books. The statement mentions two authors. The first one is the former head of the Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews, Richard English, himself one of the foremost experts in the field of Northern Irish contemporary history and politics. The second one is a former Irish Republican activist turned solicitor from Dublin.
 
The prison authorities, furthermore, argue that the film “Hunger” would “glorify the actions (…) that resulted in Irish Republicans being imprisoned.” I shall note that the film “Hunger,” directed by Steve McQueen won the Caméra d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival and received, among other awards, two BAFTA nominations. So one has to ask, do the Cannes Film Festival and BAFTA promote terrorism?
 
The Republican prisoners’ statement appeared amidst growing tensions within the Northern Irish prison system, particularly in Maghaberry. (see articles 1, 2, and 3) The situation given by the prisoners is much worse than the situation experienced by the Republican and Loyalist prisoners in the 1990s. At that time, there were, for example, hardly any restrictions on newspapers and books, except adult magazines and certain hardbacks. Contrary to today, the playing of GAA games was even supported by the prison authorities in an attempt to foster the peace process. In essence, today’s situation in Maghaberry is closer to the 1970s than to the 1990s. To be sure, the situation in the 1970s led to violent clashes, no-wash and blanket protests, and, ultimately, to the death of ten Republican prisoners on hunger strike in 1981.
 
In recent years, Irish Republican prisoners have embarked on various protests. These protests were insofar successful that a deal between the prisoners and the prison authorities was reached with the help of independent mediators in August 2010. However, this agreement has not been implemented since. One prisoner, Luke O’Neill, is currently on dirty protest himself, demand his transfer to the Republican landing. While the frictions within Stormont brought decision-making almost to a standstill, there are currently no signs of improvements in the Northern Irish Prison System. Don’t let history repeat itself!
 
Literature on the topic:
Diarmait MacGiollaChríost, Jailtacht: The Irish Language, Symbolic Power and Political Violence in Northern Ireland, 1972 – 2008, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2012.
Feargal MacIonnrachtaigh, Language, Resistance and Revival. Republican Prisoners and the Irish Language in the North of Ireland, London: Pluto Press, 2013.
Dieter Reinisch, “Political Prisoners and the Irish Language: A North-South Comparison“, Studi irlandesi 6 (2016): 239-58.
Dieter Reinisch, “Sport, Resistance, and Irish Republican Identity in Internment Camps and Prisons”; in: Dittmar Dahlmann et al (eds.), Violence, Discipline and Leisure: Sport in Penal and Internment Camps, Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, forthcoming.
 

This article originally appeared on my old blog on 15 December 2016.

dieterreinisch - 18:56 @ Irish Republicanism, Northern Ireland, Prisons | 8 comments

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    Two separate morning testosterone measurements under 300 ng/dL and documented symptoms are the foundations
    of utilizing low testosterone ICD-10 codes [2]. The analysis code ought to best describe the affected person’s situation that needed the service [7].
    Hypogonadism is a condition that affects each men and women, resulting in a selection of medical signs similar to hair loss, decreased muscle mass, diminished libido,
    and fertility points. Correct analysis and documentation are essential not only for efficient therapy planning
    but in addition for accurate medical billing and insurance reimbursement.
    Infections and certain medical situations also can result in testicular
    hypofunction.
    By following these coding considerations, medical coders can improve their accuracy and compliance, ultimately contributing to raised affected person care and more efficient healthcare operations.
    You can be born with male hypogonadism, or it could develop later in life, often from damage or an infection. The results — and what you are able to do about them
    — depend on the trigger and at what point in your life male hypogonadism happens.

    Understanding the nuances of testicular hypofunction is
    crucial for healthcare professionals, as it permits them to acknowledge
    symptoms early and implement applicable diagnostic and therapeutic
    methods. Testicular hypofunction is a comparatively
    widespread situation, significantly amongst older men, with prevalence charges growing with age.
    Studies suggest that approximately 20% of males over the
    age of 60 could experience some extent of testosterone deficiency, which can be attributed to
    both age-related decline in testicular perform and the increasing incidence
    of comorbid situations that affect hormone ranges. Moreover, demographic components
    such as weight problems, persistent sickness, and
    life-style choices can significantly influence the prevalence
    of testicular hypofunction. Understanding these
    demographics is essential for healthcare providers to establish at-risk populations and tailor screening and treatment methods accordingly.
    Most patients with hypogonadism of this age group
    do not expertise such a sudden decrease in serum T and develop a gradual decline in power,
    libido, and erectile operate.

  6. purchasing anabolic steroids

    2025-05-22

    Nevertheless, Winstrol has been linked to liver damage, joint pain, and cardiovascular strain, especially when used over
    prolonged intervals. These are derived from Dihydrotestosterone and are identified for promoting muscle progress with fewer risks.
    These can be thought of among the many most secure anabolic steroids, especially for these over 50.
    The power of a steroid can differ significantly
    depending on the gender of the person, females are way more delicate to the
    consequences of anabolic steroids than males are. Take
    Winstrol, for instance; it’s thought of a potent
    steroid for female users, yet it’s sometimes regarded as gentle when used by males.

    This gender-based variation in effectiveness can additionally be true in relation to the dosage used.

    The major purpose individuals take anabolic steroids is to construct muscle size and strength.

    Dr. Jack Parker, holding a Ph.D. and driven by a deep ardour for health, is a trusted
    skilled in bodily health and legal steroids. He blends thorough analysis with
    hands-on expertise to assist Muzcle readers achieve their fitness objectives safely
    and effectively. Outside of labor, Jack loves
    spending time along with his household and keeping up with the most recent health developments and
    research. It likewise helps to lower the pure testosterone
    production in your body. Thus, when you use Anadrol, you should undergo a careful post-cycle therapy (PCT) routine right after finishing your cycle.

    They are recognized for his or her balanced risk-benefit profiles, making them some of the finest steroid with least unwanted side effects.

    So, who had been the strongest, indisputably natural lifters on the planet before steroids
    were round and what have been their lifts? I’ll discuss the powerlifts and the overhead press,
    as those are most commonly used as energy standards.
    In 1950, Steve Reeves reportedly gained 35 pounds
    (16 kg) of lean weight in 7 weeks to win the 1950 Mr.
    Universe title. He went from a hundred ninety to 225 kilos (102
    kg) at my height of 6’1″ (185 cm), ending up
    solely 10 kilos (4.5 kg) lighter than Arnold Schwarzenegger (who’s
    slightly taller) in his competition shape. Even with muscle reminiscence and Godly genetics at play, that’s incredible…
    actually. For comparability, I coach some enhanced lifters
    they usually typically achieve about 2 kilos per week throughout an optimized bulk in that timeframe,
    which is less than half of Reeves’s positive aspects.

    And Reeves did it while staying lean enough to win a
    Mr. Universe title.
    Such unwanted effects were also reversed after they stopped taking Anadrol.

    This can be what we see anecdotally among our feminine
    patients. In one other examine, ladies got oxymetholone to treat anemia and bone marrow failure (20).

    They began on a dose of 1 mg per kg, then elevated
    in monthly increments by 50%, as much as 100 mg per
    day.
    The dosages differ with every affected person and is dependent upon your testosterone blood levels and
    your medical situation. If signs develop during treatment, let your healthcare supplier know,
    but don’t stop therapy until your healthcare provider tells you to
    do so. Alternative therapies can usually be discovered if the
    unwanted aspect effects are intolerable or doubtlessly irreversible.

    AI’s are by far the simplest at controlling estrogen as they inhibit aromatization and lower
    the body’s estrogen levels. SERM’s don’t inhibit or lower estrogen but
    attach to the receptors within the place of estrogen. However, on this case it’s important to
    remember there is no aromatization happening, there
    is nothing for an AI to inhibit.
    Allows users to run short Testosterone Propionate cycles
    within the range of 8 – 10 weeks, sometimes in as little as even 6 weeks.

    2 This is due to the shorter time required for optimal blood plasma ranges to be achieved because of the quicker release.
    This testosterone ester can peak in the blood inside hours of being administered and metabolized over
    three days. You should weigh the “positives” with the “negatives” earlier than utilizing propionate.

    A better way is to give attention to getting sufficient relaxation and consuming a nutritious diet.
    Hold in mind, steroids are banned and considered controlled
    substances within the US under the Anabolic Steroids Management Act of 1990 (4, 5).
    Under is a structured breakdown of an optimum steroid cycle based mostly
    on experience degree. It is commonplace to really do blood exams and see where your blood markers are.
    Blood ldl cholesterol, stress, inflammation, blood sugar,
    estrogen, thyroid perform, and so forth.
    I’ve coached greater than 300 folks (not all bodybuilders), I actually have
    a Chemistry degree, and I do bodybuilding myself as nicely.

    Eumovate is out there from The Unbiased Pharmacy as
    a cream or ointment and helps to relieve symptoms associated to circumstances like eczema, psoriasis,
    and insect bites. Which type of steroid cream you select to deal with
    your eczema or different skin circumstances will rely upon the severity
    of your signs and the whereabouts of the physique the affected space is located.
    Topical steroid lotions can also be combined with antibiotics to deal with infected pores
    and skin circumstances. Click by way of for more information about Fucibet cream uses or
    to learn our customer reviews on Fucibet. Topical
    corticosteroids cannot cure these situations, but may
    help relieve the signs.
    There are several coaches online who have had years of expertise within the
    area and they’ve made mistakes you don’t have to!
    This means a far decrease risk of you injuring
    your self or wasting your money. We all know that Steroid abuse has a
    bunch of side effects, and whereas it’s actually potential to decrease your risk of harm or sickness, warning is advised.

    Primobolan, identified for its gentle impact, emerged as a safer alternative.
    Masteron (Drostanolone Propionate, Drostanolone Enanthate) is often known as
    the poor man’s Primobolan.

  7. primaryonehealth.org

    2025-05-29

    The side effects will usually cross when you finish the therapy, however do not cease taking your medication without speaking to your
    doctor. Your doctor will advise you on the method to steadily reduce your
    dose if necessary. Stopping a prescribed course of medication abruptly could cause further unpleasant side effects (withdrawal symptoms).
    But typically they can cause unpleasant unwanted facet effects, similar to an elevated urge for food, mood adjustments and problem sleeping (insomnia).
    Steroid nasal sprays are medicines which would possibly be generally used to treat signs
    of stuffiness or congestion in the nostril.
    Soon it was discovered that utilizing anabolic steroids offered quite
    a few efficiency enhancing benefits in order that they have been quickly used by
    athletes to give themselves a competitive edge. In addition to
    a steroid, the injection also typically accommodates a local
    anesthetic like lidocaine to decrease pain even quicker.
    If you’re taking steroid tablets you might must avoid
    reside vaccines, such as yellow fever. Typically a live vaccine may be
    essential, but if this is the case your doctor will discuss the
    possible risks and benefits of the vaccination with you, and it may depend on the dose of steroids you’re
    taking. You will be given the bottom possible dose for the
    shortest attainable time, to cut back the risk of unwanted effects.

    Continual circumstances like contact dermatitis, psoriasis and eczema may
    also reply to topical or oral steroids. In The Meantime,
    situations inflicting problems like severe dandruff and scalp inflammation generally call for medicated foam containing corticosteroids.
    Corticosteroids are a class of steroids which are produced
    in the adrenal cortex. As a medicine, corticosteroids mimic the hormone
    function and are used to treat quite so much of circumstances corresponding to bronchial asthma,
    arthritis, allergies, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and certain pores and skin circumstances.
    Inflammation is a process in which the body’s white blood cells and chemicals can protect in opposition to
    infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses.

    In certain illnesses, nevertheless, the body’s defense system (immune system) does not perform
    correctly. This might cause irritation to work towards the
    physique’s tissues and trigger harm.
    You’ll get the listing from the pharmacy after which you’ll get a listing from one other supply they usually don’t actually match.

    I went to pharmacy school and I took all these quizzes and exams about
    each drug. When I was prescribed prednisone, I relied on that e-book knowledge to guide me on how
    I’d really feel while taking prednisone in real life. I personally took
    it and I thought to myself, “I look pregnant, but I’m holding a baby! ” I actually
    had a child several months earlier than I started taking prednisone, and had finally misplaced the
    child weight proper earlier than I began it.

    Nevertheless, so lengthy as adolescents perceive that anabolic
    steroids are required to compete at sports activities, their use may continue within the foreseeable future.
    Each possession of anabolic steroids and providing them to others has vital legal penalties.
    Corticosteroids can also alter the consequences of other
    drugs. However, the probability of interactions taking
    place with steroid sprays or injections is low.
    Cessation of AAS use can restore spermatogenesis, but restoration can take a number of months
    to years (1). However, even with medical remedy, a substantial proportion of patients can continue to have
    subfertile semen parameters and ultimately require assisted
    replica (3). Betamethasone is the opposite sort of
    long-acting corticosteroid par excellence.
    Nonetheless, they will even have side effects corresponding
    to fluid retention, hypertension, heart failure, hypokalemia (low potassium levels), and in rare circumstances, it can lead to adrenal disaster if stopped all
    of a sudden. Due To This Fact, they need to be used fastidiously, monitored regularly, and never abruptly discontinued.
    This info is offered by Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, part of Mubadala Healthcare, and isn’t intended to switch the medical advice of your physician or health care supplier.

    Inhalation permits high ranges of the medication to reach the airways and low ranges to succeed in the rest of
    the body. Consulting a physician might help you determine if
    steroids are a great remedy choice on your condition. Dosage and instructions for
    use are essential for limiting the unwanted side effects and
    guaranteeing you get potent anti-inflammatory
    advantages. With short-term use for acute signs,
    patients could not have any side effects.
    However, others will experience a number of the following side effects with long-term or high-dose use.
    Oral corticosteroids could also be effective for treating IBS and associated gastrointestinal
    circumstances as a outcome of they handle the inflammation that perpetuates the signs of IBS.

    Cortisone is a naturally occurring corticosteroid metabolite, but additionally it is used on a pharmaceutical level.
    In different words, it is the inactive form of cortisol and differs from it by its
    mode of action. Due To This Fact, when it enters the body, it
    have to be remodeled into cortisol by a sort of dehydrogenase enzyme.
    As elite athletes are caught dishonest through the use of anabolic steroids, perhaps their notion as positive function models will fade and
    the use of steroids decrease. Elevated strain to check athletes at
    youthful ages could lower using steroids as well.

  8. Are Anabolic Steroids Legal In The Us

    2025-06-01

    Developed in the 1960s by Dr. John Bosley Ziegler, an American physician and chemist, purchase dbol dramatically changed athletics
    and bodybuilding. Regardless Of being classified as a controlled substance in plenty of countries and being banned by most sports organizations,
    it remains widely used by many athletes and bodybuilders.
    The objective of this article is to discover the
    advantages, utilization, and private journey of notable figures intertwined with the steroid.

    The properties of trenbolone are just like the tren cycle, making it a potent selection for
    those seeking to bulk up and improve energy.

    Trenbolone is often used alongside anavar, a gentle steroid,
    to stability the effects. Moreover, combining tren with
    winstrol and other steroids is common in bodybuilding circles.

    There are lots of reasons girls choose to not
    use steroids to enhance their physique or increase efficiency.
    Females who use steroids are susceptible to appreciable physiological adjustments.
    This is the pure consequence of placing a lot bigger amounts of
    testosterone or similar male hormones into the
    feminine physique.
    From dosage protocols and stacking options to post-cycle
    remedy (PCT) and health precautions, this information is
    your all-in-one resource for maximizing gains
    whereas minimizing dangers. Those who aren’t skilled steroid customers could
    have outstanding gains in regard to muscle mass.
    Whereas skilled steroid customers will be much
    less delicate via years of cycles and will experience milder features.

    Dianabol additionally will increase visceral fat storage, whereas Anavar decreases it.
    Nonetheless, we’ve observed this unconventional stack to be an efficient bulking protocol, as Dianabol increases muscle mass and Anavar concurrently prevents
    fat accumulation. Chemically it’s a modified type of nandrolone with
    2 extra double bonds on the 9th and 11th position of the anabolic steroid construction. This modification increases its binding affinity
    to androgen receptors making Trenbolone far more powerful than Testosterone and Nandrolone in relation to muscle development and strength features.

    Nonetheless, this larger dose can have the impact of halting menstruation. But as all the time, beginning
    with a moderate dose is one of the best strategy when utilizing
    Boldenone for the primary time till you understand how YOU reply to it.
    Vascularity can be excellent and long-lasting with EQ, even more so if you stack with
    testosterone and end with something like Anavar.
    However even on EQ alone, you’ll see some fairly unbelievable
    vein popping for what is commonly thought of a “mild” steroid.
    Anadrol and Tren usually are not really helpful for female use as a result of their sturdy androgenic
    properties. Women might expertise virilization symptoms,
    together with deepening of the voice, facial hair growth, and menstrual irregularities.

    You can use three medication together in PCT particularly,
    Nolvadex, Clomid, and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG).
    A Trenbolone cycle with testosterone is right for people who are not trying for water retention.
    Such a cycle is called a dry cycle, whereas the features are known as dry gains.
    After the cycle, your weight is kind of the identical, as the achieve is simply pure muscle and
    never water weight. The suggested greatest Tren cycle
    for bulking has a length of 12 weeks and entails injecting a gentle dose of 200 to four hundred mg of Tren per week.

    Trenbolone is derived from the hormone Nandrolone and is
    thought for its robust anabolic properties.

    It works by binding to androgen receptors within the physique,
    promoting protein synthesis and nitrogen retention. If users develop suicidal
    tendencies, this could probably be a harmful facet effect.

    Moreover, they can monitor your health and intervene if any negative unwanted side effects come
    up. In this comprehensive guide, I’ll dive into every thing
    you should find out about Trenbolone cycles for bodybuilders.
    I Am Going To explain what Trenbolone is, how it works within the physique, and
    why it is beneficial to use it in a cycle. You May additionally get
    recommendations for Trenbolone cycles based on totally different goals, together with bulking, cutting, and lean muscle gain. Plus, I
    Will cover dosage recommendations and the most effective Trenbolone stacks to make use
    of. In this skilled guide, we break down every little thing you should
    find out about planning and executing a Trenbolone cycle whether you’re slicing, bulking, or aiming for a lean recomposition.
    The small modification to the testosterone hormone that has resulted in EQ brings
    some great benefits. In particular, EQ has only about half the aromatizing energy of
    testosterone, which can greatly scale back its estrogen-related unwanted effects when compared
    with normal testosterone steroids. This can be began as soon as your cycle ends with dosing according to
    your choice, but I normally aim for 1000iu per week (two injections).

    Then, you probably can follow with an everyday SERM PCT utilizing your choice’s SERM(s).
    Enclomiphene is my choice these days – it’s a more moderen SERM with
    fewer unwanted side effects.

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